Biomass conversion is the academic concept and research domain concerned with the systematic transformation of organic materials (biomass) into useful forms, including energy carriers (such as fuels, electricity, and heat), chemicals, and value-added materials. This field investigates diverse thermochemical, biochemical, and mechanical processes, analyzing feedstock properties, reaction pathways, process optimization, efficiency, scalability, environmental sustainability, and economic feasibility, holding significant importance for enabling renewable resource utilization and contributing to energy security and a circular economy.